Experimental Study on Kinetics and Mechanism of Ciprofloxacin Degradation in Aqueous Phase Using Ag-TiO2/rGO/Halloysite Photocatalyst

In this study, Ag-TiO2/rGO/halloysite nanotubes were synthesised from natural sources using a simple method. The material was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-vis DRS techniques. as-synthesised has sandwich-like shape, with the active phase distributed evenly over rGO/HNT support. Compared to pure TiO2, lower band gap energy (~2.7 eV) suitable specific surface area (~80 m2/g), making it able participate effectively in photochemical degradation of pollutants. catalyst showed exceptional activity CIP antibiotics water, achieving conversion about 90% after 5 h irradiation at an initial concentration 20 ppm. This efficiency significantly higher than that TiO2 Ag-TiO2, which could prove important effect support silver doping. results experiments show process follows pseudo-first-order kinetic model case (1%)Ag wt. pseudo-second-order (3%)Ag wt., be explained aggregation increasing role chemisorption. Tests radical scavengers •OH had greatest on decomposition, while •O2− least. neutral pH value high degree mineralisation (approx. 80%) confirm potential for use wastewater treatment.